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(Updated 26 July 2008)Tj
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(This chapter discusses the concepts of sustainability, sustainable devel\
opment and sustainable transportation, and )Tj
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(how TDM can help achieve sustainability goals. Sustainability is a plann\
ing perspective that accounts for )Tj
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(economic, social and environmental goals, including impacts that are ind\
irect, difficult to measure, and distant in )Tj
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(time and space. Sustainable transportation requires more comprehensive p\
lanning than what is commonly )Tj
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(practiced. Sustainable planning can provide an opportunity to identify s\
trategies that can help achieve multiple )Tj
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(goals. TDM tends to support sustainability objectives, and sustainabilit\
y planning tends to support TDM )Tj
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(Wit and Humor)Tj
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(The earth provides enough to satisfy every person\222s need but not ever\
y person\222s greed\205When we take )Tj
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(more than we need we are simply taking from each other, borrowing from t\
he future, or destroying the )Tj
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(environment and other species.)Tj
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(Mahatma Ghandi, )Tj
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(Introduction)Tj
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(There is growing interest in the concepts of sustainability, sustainable\
development, and sustainable )Tj
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(transport. Sustainability reflects one of the most fundamental human des\
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(\223The goal of sustainable transportation is to ensure that environment\
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(A sustainable transportation system is \223one in which fuel consumption\
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(congestion, and social and economic access are of such levels that they \
can be sustained into the )Tj
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(\223\205sustainability is not about threat analysis; sustainability is a\
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(The Environmental Directorate of the OECD defines environmentally sustai\
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( )Tj
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(Allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies \
and society to be met safely )Tj
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( )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Is )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Limits emissions and waste within the planet\222s ability to absorb them\
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(The Transportation Association of Canada proposes that a sustainable tra\
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( )Tj
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(limit emissions and waste \(that pollute air, soil and water\) within th\
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( )Tj
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(provide power to vehicles from renewable or inexhaustible energy sources\
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(Sustainability has been identified as \223The capacity for continuance i\
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(The UK Government has set out the following 4 pillars of sustainability:\
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(l)Tj
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( )Tj
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(l)Tj
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(Protection of the environment.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(l)Tj
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(Prudent use of natural resource.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Concern about sustainability can be considered a reaction to increased s\
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(Conventional planning often reflects a \223reductionist\224 approach, in\
which a particular organization or )Tj
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(individual is responsible for dealing with a particular problem. This ma\
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(regardless of how difficult they are to measure. Sustainable planning an\
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(triple bottom line)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Conventional planning typically uses a 5-20 year time-frame, less than o\
ne generation. Sustainability )Tj
T*
(incorporates concerns about long-term risks, such as depletion of resour\
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T*
(climatic change that may harm people decades or even centuries in the fu\
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T*
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( )Tj
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T*
(1998\). )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Conventional planning tends to ask, \223Does it work?\224 Sustainability\
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T*
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T*
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T*
(people value friendship, security and tradition, and will forego materia\
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T*
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( Sustainability Issues )Tj
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(Economic)Tj
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(Social)Tj
12.58 0 Td
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(Trade and business activity)Tj
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(Employment)Tj
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(Productivity)Tj
T*
(Tax burden)Tj
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(Equity)Tj
T*
(Human health)Tj
T*
(Education)Tj
T*
(Community)Tj
T*
(Quality of life)Tj
T*
(Public Participation)Tj
14.58 6 Td
(Pollution prevention)Tj
T*
(Climate protection)Tj
T*
(Biodiversity)Tj
T*
(Precautionary action)Tj
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( )Tj
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T*
( )Tj
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(If sustainability is defined only in terms of fuel efficiency and relate\
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T*
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(not reduce traffic congestion or the barrier effect \(delay and risk to \
pedestrians and cyclists\), road and )Tj
T*
(parking requirements, accident risk, or sprawl. A motorist who lives in \
a more accessible location and )Tj
T*
(relies on alternative modes as much as possible \(for example, commuting\
by bicycle, carpool or transit )Tj
T*
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, consumes a similar amount of )Tj
T*
(fuel, but imposes far lower costs on society overall.)Tj
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( )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Many organizations have developed recommended best practices for sustain\
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(1.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Look beyond your own locality and the immediate future)Tj
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(2.)Tj
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 81.7668 257.1008 Tm
( )Tj
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(3.)Tj
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 81.7668 241.7368 Tm
( )Tj
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(4.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(5.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(6.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(7.)Tj
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 81.7668 180.2807 Tm
( )Tj
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(Give sustainability the benefit of any doubt)Tj
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(8.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(If polluters must pollute \205 then they must pay as well)Tj
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(9.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Adopt a holistic,\221cradle-to-grave \222approach)Tj
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(10.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Do things right,having decided on the right thing to do)Tj
-1.568 -1.2 Td
(11.)Tj
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 88.1685 118.8246 Tm
( )Tj
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 92.2423 118.8246 Tm
(Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value engineering)Tj
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(12.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Practice what you preach.)Tj
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(Economic diversity )Tj
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(Disposable income )Tj
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(Personal expenditures )Tj
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(Taxes )Tj
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(Savings rate)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Household Debt )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Poverty )Tj
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(Household work )Tj
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(Volunteerism )Tj
T*
(Commuting time)Tj
T*
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442.181 562.676 l
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(Agricultural sustainability )Tj
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388.523 520.774 m
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388.523 325.232 m
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BT
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462.236 213.494 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Carbon Budget )Tj
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T*
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543.677 171.592 l
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/TT0 1 Tf
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487.458 115.723 l
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BT
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0 0 0.502 rg
/TT3 1 Tf
0 -1.162 TD
(Sustainable Transportation Performance Indicators)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
/TT2 1 Tf
0 -1.238 TD
(Sustainability and sustainable transportation are difficult to measure d\
irectly, so various )Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
0.67 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d
503.544 658.366 m
578.395 658.366 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 503.544 660.3773 Tm
(Performance )Tj
ET
9.312 639.743 m
65.167 639.743 l
S
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 9.3115 641.7543 Tm
(Indicators)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( are used to evaluate them. Some are relatively narrow, focusing on just\
a few impacts, such as )Tj
0 -1.333 TD
(air pollution emissions, while others attempt to represent a broader ran\
ge of economic, social and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(environmental objectives \(Gilbert and Tanguay, 2000; Gudmundsson, 2001;\
Litman, 2003\). Below are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(examples of indicators.)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 30.2625 556.0258 Tm
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 556.0258 Tm
( )Tj
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 556.0258 Tm
(Quality of overall )Tj
ET
0.615 w
144.643 554.182 m
211.502 554.182 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 144.6429 556.0258 Tm
(Accessibility)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( \(ability to reach desired goods, services and activities\). More is be\
tter.)Tj
-10.57 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 522.3646 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 522.3646 Tm
(Land Use Mix - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Number of job opportunities and commercial services within 30-minute tra\
vel distance of )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(residents. Higher is better.)Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 475.2017 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 475.2017 Tm
(Land use accessibility - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Average number of basic services \(schools, shops and government offices\
\) within )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(walking distance of residences. Higher is better. )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 428.0388 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 428.0388 Tm
(Children\222s accessibility - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Portion of children who can walk or bicycle to )Tj
ET
423.794 426.195 m
464.342 426.195 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 423.7943 428.0388 Tm
(Schools)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(, shops and parks from )Tj
-30.737 -1.345 Td
(their homes. Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 379.0136 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 379.0136 Tm
(Electronic accessibility - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Portion of population with Internet service \()Tj
ET
406.369 377.17 m
455.431 377.17 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 406.3689 379.0136 Tm
(Telework)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher is better.)Tj
-31.012 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 345.3524 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 345.3524 Tm
(Commute speed - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Average commute travel time. Lower is better, particularly for disadvant\
aged )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(populations.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 298.1895 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 298.1895 Tm
(Transport diversity - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Variety and quality of transport )Tj
ET
324.235 296.346 m
364.784 296.346 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 324.2355 298.1895 Tm
(Options)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( available in a community. Higher is better.)Tj
-24.597 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 264.5284 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 264.5284 Tm
(Mode split )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(- Portion of travel made by walking, cycling, rideshare, public transit \
and telework. Higher is )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 217.3655 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 217.3655 Tm
(Transit service)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
( \226 Public transit service quality, including coverage \(portion of ho\
useholds and jobs within )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(5-minute walking distance of 15-minute transit service\), service freque\
ncy, comfort \(portion of trips in which )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(passenger can sit and portion of transit stops with shelters\), affordab\
ility \(fares as a portion of minimum wage )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(income\), information availability, and safety \(injuries per billion pa\
ssenger-miles\) \()Tj
ET
458.048 169.43 m
552.998 169.43 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 458.0479 171.2734 Tm
(Transit Evaluation)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
-35.048 -1.348 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 137.6122 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 137.6122 Tm
(Motor Transport Options - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Quantity and quality of airline, rail, public transit, ferry, rideshare \
and taxi )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(services. Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 90.4493 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 90.4493 Tm
(Congestion delay - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Per capita traffic )Tj
ET
238.863 88.606 m
297.195 88.606 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 238.8627 90.4493 Tm
(Congestion)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( delay. Lower is better.)Tj
-17.929 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 56.7882 Tm
( )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 56.7882 Tm
(Consumer Transport costs - )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
(Portion of household expenditures devoted to transport \()Tj
ET
486.057 54.944 m
567.499 54.944 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT2 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 486.057 56.7882 Tm
(Transport Costs)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). )Tj
-35.6 -1.345 Td
(Lower is better.)Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
Q
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
8.3804 0 0 8.3804 18 7.6402 Tm
(http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm67.htm \(9 of 24\)11/7/2008 10:34:50 AM)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
411 0 obj<>stream
/Artifact <>BDC
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 8.3804 0 0 8.3804 18 780.6402 Tm
(Online TDM Encyclopedia - Sustainable Transportation and TDM)Tj
ET
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
0 18 612 756 re
W* n
0.051 0.055 0 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 9.3115 755.4225 Tm
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 739.0236 Tm
( )Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
0.615 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d
50.41 737.18 m
115.861 737.18 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 739.0236 Tm
(Affordability)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Portion of household expenditures devoted to transport, including vehicl\
e expenses, fares, )Tj
-1.574 -1.343 Td
(residential parking costs, and taxes devoted to transport; particularly \
by people who are economically, socially )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and physically disadvantaged. Lower is better, particularly for disadvan\
taged populations.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 674.6703 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 674.6703 Tm
(Facility costs - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Per capita expenditures on roads, traffic services and parking facilitie\
s \()Tj
ET
497.004 672.827 m
578.446 672.827 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 497.0038 674.6703 Tm
(Transport Costs)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). )Tj
-36.455 -1.345 Td
(Lower is better.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 625.6452 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 625.6452 Tm
(Freight and commercial transport efficiency \226 )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Speed, quality and affordability of )Tj
ET
470.027 623.801 m
507.016 623.801 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 470.0272 625.6452 Tm
(Freight)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( and commercial )Tj
-34.348 -1.345 Td
(transport. Higher is better. )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 576.62 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 576.62 Tm
(Delivery services - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Quantity and quality of delivery services \(international/intercity cour\
ier, and stores that )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(offer delivery\). Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 529.4571 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 529.4571 Tm
(Market principles - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Degree to which transport systems reflect )Tj
ET
368.65 527.613 m
460.041 527.613 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 368.6503 529.4571 Tm
(Market Principles)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(, including prices that )Tj
-26.43 -1.345 Td
(reflect full costs and neutral tax policies. Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 480.4319 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 480.4319 Tm
(Planning Practices - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Degree to which transport institutions reflect )Tj
ET
392.144 478.588 m
444.766 478.588 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 392.1444 480.4319 Tm
(Least-cost)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( planning and investment )Tj
-28.265 -1.345 Td
(practices. Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 431.4067 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 431.4067 Tm
(User rating)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
( - Overall satisfaction rating of transport system and services by users\
\()Tj
ET
473.919 429.563 m
515.172 429.563 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 473.9194 431.4067 Tm
(Surveys)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher is )Tj
-34.652 -1.345 Td
(better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 382.3815 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 382.3815 Tm
(Citizen involvement - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Public involvement in transport )Tj
ET
327.449 380.538 m
372.978 380.538 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 327.4491 382.3815 Tm
(Planning)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( process. Higher is better.)Tj
-24.848 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 348.7203 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 348.7203 Tm
(Crash costs - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Per capita crash fatalities, disabilities and monetized )Tj
ET
392.861 346.877 m
454.394 346.877 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 392.8614 348.7203 Tm
(Crash Costs)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(. Lower is better.)Tj
-29.957 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 315.0591 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 315.0591 Tm
(Planning process - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Range of solutions considered in transport )Tj
ET
370.11 313.215 m
415.639 313.215 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 370.1098 315.0591 Tm
(Planning)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(. Higher is better.)Tj
-28.18 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 281.3979 Tm
( )Tj
ET
50.41 279.554 m
143.593 279.554 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 281.3979 Tm
(Health and fitness)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Portion of population that regularly uses active transport modes \(walki\
ng and cycling\). )Tj
-1.574 -1.343 Td
(Higher is better.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 232.4087 Tm
( )Tj
ET
50.41 230.565 m
161.735 230.565 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 232.4087 Tm
(Community Livability)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Degree to which transport activities increase community livability \(loc\
al )Tj
-1.574 -1.343 Td
(environmental quality\). Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 183.4195 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 183.4195 Tm
(Cultural Preservation)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
( - Degree to which cultural and historic values are reflected and preser\
ved in )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(transport planning decisions. Higher is better. )Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 136.2566 Tm
( )Tj
ET
50.41 134.413 m
118.319 134.413 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 136.2566 Tm
(Basic Access)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( \226 Quality of transport to access socially valuable activities such a\
s medical services, )Tj
-1.574 -1.345 Td
(education, employment and essential shopping, particularly for disadvant\
aged populations.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 87.2314 Tm
( )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 87.2314 Tm
(Horizontal Equity \(fairness\) - )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(Degree to which prices reflect full costs unless a subsidy is specifical\
ly )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(justified \()Tj
ET
79.696 70.024 m
113.843 70.024 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 79.6962 71.8674 Tm
(Equity)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher is better.)Tj
-5.497 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
Q
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
8.3804 0 0 8.3804 18 7.6402 Tm
(http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm67.htm \(10 of 24\)11/7/2008 10:34:50 AM)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
412 0 obj<>stream
/Artifact <>BDC
0 0 0 rg
0 i
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 8.3804 0 0 8.3804 18 780.6402 Tm
(Online TDM Encyclopedia - Sustainable Transportation and TDM)Tj
ET
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
0 18 612 756 re
W* n
0.051 0.055 0 rg
BT
/T1_1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 30.2625 754.3876 Tm
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 754.3876 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 754.3876 Tm
(Progressivity - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Degree to which transport policies make lower-income people relatively b\
etter off \()Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
0.615 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d
557.807 752.544 m
591.953 752.544 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 557.8069 754.3876 Tm
(Equity)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). )Tj
-41.204 -1.345 Td
(Higher is better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 705.3624 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 705.3624 Tm
(Mobility for non-drivers - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Quality of accessibility and transport services for non-drivers \()Tj
ET
506.99 703.519 m
541.137 703.519 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 506.9904 705.3624 Tm
(Equity)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher is )Tj
-37.235 -1.345 Td
(better.)Tj
-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 656.3372 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 656.3372 Tm
(Mobility for people with disabilities\) - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Quality of transport facilities and services for people with )Tj
-1.574 -1.2 Td
(disabilities, such as wheelchair users and people with visual impairment\
s \()Tj
ET
411.828 639.13 m
501.08 639.13 l
S
0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 411.8278 640.9732 Tm
(Universal Design)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher is better.)Tj
-31.438 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 607.312 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Nonmotorized transport )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(- Quality of walking and cycling conditions \()Tj
ET
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544.735 605.468 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Non-motorized Evaluation)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Higher )Tj
-29.49 -1.345 Td
(is better.)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
-1.636 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 558.2868 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 558.2868 Tm
(Climate change emissions )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(- Per capita fossil fuel consumption, and emissions of CO2 and other cli\
mate )Tj
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(change emissions \()Tj
ET
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298.044 541.079 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Energy and Emission Reductions)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Lower is better.)Tj
-9.246 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
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( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Other air pollution - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Per capita emissions of \223conventional\224 air pollutants \(CO, VOC, N\
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-1.574 -1.2 Td
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230.468 492.054 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Energy and Emission Reductions)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(\). Lower is better.)Tj
-3.968 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 460.2364 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 460.2364 Tm
(Noise pollution - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Portion of population exposed to high levels of traffic noise. Lower is \
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-3.21 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 428.4375 Tm
( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
12.8033 0 0 12.8033 50.4103 428.4375 Tm
(Water pollution - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Per capita vehicle fluid losses. Lower is better.)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
-3.21 -1.203 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.281 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
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( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
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( )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Habitat protection - )Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(Preservation of high-quality wildlife habitat \(wetlands, old-growth for\
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-1.574 -1.2 Td
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387.642 330.406 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(Land Use Evaluation)Tj
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(\). Higher is better.)Tj
-21.106 -1.345 Td
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.636 -1.284 Td
(\267)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
8.1476 0 0 8.1476 36.152 298.5883 Tm
( )Tj
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-1.574 -1.2 Td
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-1.636 -1.2 Td
( )Tj
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( )Tj
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/TT3 1 Tf
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/TT1 1 Tf
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/TT0 1 Tf
(: a fundamental )Tj
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0.67 w
441.096 167.03 m
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(Change)Tj
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( in the way people )Tj
-30.914 -1.333 Td
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(consideration of indirect and cumulative impacts \(Louis Berger & Associ\
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158.678 98.125 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(Prioritizing Transportation)Tj
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(Automobile Dependency)Tj
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(economic, social and environmental costs \(Litman, 2000\), and results i\
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(\) \(TRB, 1997\). Sustainable transportation requires )Tj
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(reducing these distortions and encouraging the development of a more bal\
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0 -1.2 TD
(\()Tj
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203.275 651.409 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT1 1 Tf
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392.574 651.409 l
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(Market Reforms)Tj
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595.812 632.786 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(Economic )Tj
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84.567 614.163 l
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BT
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Development)Tj
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( )Tj
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( )Tj
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/TT0 1 Tf
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/TT1 1 Tf
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T*
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(intergenerational equity)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
(. Sustainable transportation therefore requires that broad equity analys\
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ET
300.976 496.333 m
436.766 496.333 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Evaluating TDM Equity)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
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( )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
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/TT0 1 Tf
-0.327 -1.188 Td
(Land Use)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Transportation patterns can be affected significantly by land use patter\
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546.158 431.617 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 423.5813 433.6287 Tm
(Land Use Impacts on )Tj
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91.551 412.994 l
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BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 9.3115 415.0057 Tm
(Transportation)Tj
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0 -1.2 TD
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9.312 344.089 m
69.818 344.089 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 9.3115 346.1004 Tm
(Accessible)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( land use \(Newman and Kenworthy, 1999\). )Tj
0 -1.333 TD
( )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(Developing Regions)Tj
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/TT1 1 Tf
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(Sustainable transportation planning tends to be particularly important i\
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ET
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567.947 276.581 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 499.284 278.5918 Tm
(Developing )Tj
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9.312 257.958 m
55.096 257.958 l
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BT
/TT1 1 Tf
13.9673 0 0 13.9673 9.3115 259.9688 Tm
(Regions)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
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32.972 205.813 m
112.502 205.813 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Smart Growth)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
(, in order to avoid excessive )Tj
ET
272.707 205.813 m
412.743 205.813 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Automobile Dependency)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
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(developing regions. )Tj
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( )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
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(Demand Management and Sustainable Transportation)Tj
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/TT1 1 Tf
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T*
(vehicles can help achieve resource conservation and pollution reduction \
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T*
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194.611 542.008 m
194.611 525.131 l
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377.117 542.008 m
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375.953 526.295 l
375.953 540.262 l
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194.611 525.131 m
377.117 525.131 l
375.953 526.295 l
194.611 526.295 l
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581.738 542.008 l
579.992 540.262 l
377.117 540.262 l
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581.738 542.008 m
581.738 525.131 l
579.992 526.295 l
579.992 540.262 l
h
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377.117 525.131 m
581.738 525.131 l
579.992 526.295 l
377.117 526.295 l
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9.312 525.131 m
9.312 412.578 l
11.057 414.324 l
11.057 525.131 l
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194.611 525.131 m
194.611 412.578 l
193.447 414.324 l
193.447 525.131 l
h
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9.312 412.578 m
194.611 412.578 l
193.447 414.324 l
11.057 414.324 l
h
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EMC
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375.953 414.324 l
375.953 525.131 l
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194.611 412.578 m
377.117 412.578 l
375.953 414.324 l
194.611 414.324 l
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581.738 412.578 l
579.992 414.324 l
579.992 525.131 l
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377.117 412.578 m
581.738 412.578 l
579.992 414.324 l
377.117 414.324 l
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542.513 296.3 l
11.057 296.3 l
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9.312 298.046 m
9.312 123.688 l
11.057 125.434 l
11.057 296.3 l
h
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544.259 298.046 m
544.259 123.688 l
542.513 125.434 l
542.513 296.3 l
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9.312 123.688 m
544.259 123.688 l
542.513 125.434 l
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( )Tj
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(Most analysis suggest that Transportation Demand Management is essential\
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0 0 1 rg
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0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
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(Economic efficiency and resource conservation are important principles s\
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T*
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263.39 598.663 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Market Principles)Tj
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481.42 580.04 m
536.521 580.04 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/TT0 1 Tf
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(Livability)Tj
0.051 0.055 0 rg
( objectives )Tj
-33.801 -1.333 Td
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0 -1.2 TD
( )Tj
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(Market Principles)Tj
15.504 0 Td
(Efficient Land Use)Tj
15.328 0 Td
(Efficient Transportation)Tj
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0.559 w
11.057 513.371 m
163.638 513.371 l
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11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 515.0468 Tm
(Comprehensive Market Reforms)Tj
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11.057 497.541 m
72.164 497.541 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 499.2172 Tm
(Road Pricing)Tj
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11.057 481.712 m
83.804 481.712 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 483.3876 Tm
(Parking Pricing)Tj
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11.057 465.882 m
76.029 465.882 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 467.558 Tm
(Carbon Taxes)Tj
ET
11.057 450.052 m
104.824 450.052 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 451.7285 Tm
(Least Cost Planning)Tj
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11.057 434.223 m
100.599 434.223 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 435.8989 Tm
(Asset Management)Tj
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11.057 418.393 m
110.318 418.393 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 11.0574 420.0693 Tm
(Institutional Reforms)Tj
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194.611 513.371 m
260.886 513.371 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Smart Growth)Tj
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194.611 497.541 m
345.248 497.541 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Location Efficient Development)Tj
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194.611 481.712 m
265.402 481.712 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 194.6109 483.3876 Tm
(New Urbanism)Tj
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194.611 465.882 m
336.844 465.882 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
11.6394 0 0 11.6394 194.6109 467.558 Tm
(Transit Oriented Development)Tj
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194.611 450.052 m
291.253 450.052 l
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BT
/TT0 1 Tf
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377.117 513.371 m
546.843 513.371 l
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(Walking and Cycling Improvements)Tj
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377.117 497.541 m
480.242 497.541 l
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